Ontology of the Sign Catalogue for Classic Mayan
Developed by Franziska Diehr in the context of the project 'Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan' a Research Center of the North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences at Humanities and the Arts at the University of Bonn, Faculty of Philosophy. [https://www.classicmayan.org] [http://mayadictionary.de] This ontology is available under licence "CC BY 4.0" [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0]. You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially) under the following terms: Attribution: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
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A graph related to distinct graphs that include the described graph icon as a subgraphemic detail. Example: T503 IK' mit T1049 UH? und nn UH 'necklace'; T36 K'UH mit T281 K'AN; PAS mit CHAN+K'IN+KAB; TZ'AK mit K'IN+AK'AB; UK' mit XIB+HA'
The property relates the described idiomcat:Graph with other and distinct idiomcat:Graph variations (thus of a different idiomcat:Sign) that include this graph icon as a subgraphemic detail (e.g. T503 in T1082 of the Thompson catalogue).
Cardinality Info on Range: exactly 1
idiomcat:hasCLDF is a subproperty of idiomcat:hasConfidenceLevel and documents the degree of plausibility of idiomcat:DiacriticFuntion assigned to idiomcat:Sign.
idiomcat:hasCLLM is a subproperty of idiomcat:hasConfidenceLevel and documents the degree of plausibility of idiomcat:LogographicMeaning assigned to idiomcat:Sign.
idiomcat:hasCLLR is a subproperty of idiomcat:hasConfidenceLevel and documents the degree of plausibility of idiomcat:LogographicReading assigned to idiomcat:Sign.
idiomcat:hasCLNF is a subproperty of idiomcat:hasConfidenceLevel and documents the degree of plausibility of idiomcat:NumericFunction assigned to idiomcat:Sign.
idiomcat:hasCLSR is a subproperty of idiomcat:hasConfidenceLevel and documents the degree of plausibility of idiomcat:SyllabicReading assigned to idiomcat:Sign.
The property relates the idiomcat:Graph with the idiomcat:CatalogueEntry in which the graph is documented.
idiomcat:hasConfidenceLevel is a subproperty of crm:P67i_is_referred_to_by and therefore “documents that an E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of an E1 CRM Entity”. In this domain-specific context, the property documents a degree of plausibility of a idiomcat:SignFunction assigned to idiomcat:Sign.
The property relates idiomcat:Sign to its sign function idiomcat:DiacriticFunction.
The property allows to type a idiomcat:Graph with concepts of idiomcat:Icon.
The property relates idiomcat:Sign to its sign function idiomcat:LogographicMeaning.
The property relates idiomcat:Sign to its sign function idiomcat:LogographicReading.
The property relates the idiomcat:Graph with idiomcat:Nickname.
The property relates idiomcat:Sign to its sign function idiomcat:NumericFunction.
The property relates idiomcat:Sign to idiomcat:SignFunction.
The property relates idiomcat:Sign to its sign function idiomcat:SyllabicReading.
The property relates the described idiomcat:Graph to one more more distinct graphs from which the described graph is iconically derived. Examples from Thompson catalogue: T115 yo ~ YOP from T651 YOP; T161 HA'AL from T556 HA'; T25 ka from T738 ka.
A sign related to distinct other signs with same transliteration values. Example: T501 ba zu T757 ba ~ BAH
idiomcat:isDividedInto describes that an instance of idiomcat:Graph can be cut-up into other instances of idiomcat:Graph.
Cardinality Info on Range: max. 1
idiomcat:isGraphOf relates a idiomcat:Graph to exactly one idiomcat:Sign.
idiomcat:isMergedInto describes that an instance of idiomcat:Graph can form a part of other instances of idiomcat:Graph.
The same sign as another sign in the catalogue. Due to research progress, a sign can emerge as the same sign, that was already described in the catalogue. Because a deletion would not be useful, the signs will be declared as the same. Same practice used for authortity files.
The property relates the described idiomcat:Graph to other and distinct idiomcat:Graph variations (thus of a different idiomcat:Sign) that also feature typical subgraphemic details of this sign. Examples are T501 with T502 from the Thompson catalogue.
The full <CV> or <V> reading is confirmed by an allographic substitution in a functional identical context (free or bound morpheme) not in final position.
The meaning of the logogram can be concluded by comparing occurrences in at least two different, semantically related contexts (same or different texts) which are not a true phonemic substitution (e.g. with different actions involving the same NP).
The reading is supported by a phonetic substitution in an analogous semantic statement not totally parallel.
A numerical function is expressed by the abstract bar-and-dot format from 1-19.
The logogram appears in environments that predict its general function, but without sufficient context to narrow down its semantic domain (e.g. action done with the hand(s), title, epithet, etc.).
A number occurs in a calendrical context (e.g. LC, CR, DN, almanacs, tables).
The number of the idiomcat:Graph as documented in the idiomcat:CatalogueEntry.
The meaning of the logogram can be concluded, because it is embedded in a context of cause(s) and effect(s) (e.g. war – death).
The reading is attested in Colonial sources, chiefly in Diego de Landa and the Chilam Balam books.
A comment made by the author of the catalogue.
The special function sign may interfere with the graphotactics of phonetic complementation.
The full <CV> or <V> reading within a sign string is confirmed by a deciphered logographic substitution (with or without affixes).
The property indicates, that the logographic reading of the described idiomcat:Sign is confirmed by a complete phonetic subsitution (with or without affixes) in a parallel statement.
The meaning of the logogram can be concluded, because it is embedded in a context of a temporal, spatial, or logical sequence (e.g. death – burial).
The sign is attested in the Landa Alphabet, but only providing the syllabic consonantal onset <C?>.
The lexeme in which the syllabogram has a productive reading has a correspondence with accompanying pictorial representation(s), either in total or in parts, with a being, an object, or an action.
The lexeme in which the syllabogram has a productive reading has a correspondence with the object type of the text carrier (auto-referential).
The sign can appear duplicated to indicate a vowel-harmonic CVC lexeme.
The full <yV> or reading is confirmed by the function of the sign to spell an ergative pronoun in a productive lexical context, if applicable in connection with allographic substitutions.
The logogram appears in contexts and morphosyntactic environments that match the expected part of speech (e.g. noun, verb, etc.).
The property indicates, that the logographic reading of the describes idiomcat:Sign is attested in at least one of the following languages: YUK, LAK, ITZ, MOP, CHN, CHL, CHT, CHR, TZE, TZO.
Cardinality Info on range: max. 1
The number of the idiomcat:Graph. It is given by the TWKM project and consists of the number of the idiomcat:Sign, to which the graph belongs to, and the shortcut of the chosen variation type of the graph. Example: 0001st.
Cardinality Infor on Range: exactly 1
The property relates the idiomcat:Graph with its graphical representation.
A numerical function is expressed by the anthropomorphic head variant from 1-19.
The property indicates, that the logographic reading of the described idiomcat:Sign is confirmed by a homophonic substitution by another logogram.
An image of the idiomcat:Graph showed by the idiomcat:CatalogueEntry.
"The reading is attested in Diego de Landa and provides the full <CV> or <V> reading.
The reading has a lexical correspondence with the depicted, either direct or by cultural concepts, being an acrophonic derivation.
The logogram appears in environments that suggest a function with sufficient context to narrow down its semantic domain (e.g. warfare, office, etc.)
The special function sign is never observed as a free grapheme, but is always found bound to another sign.
Idiomcat:nickname is a sobriquet for idiom:Graph.
The property indicates, that the logographic reading of the describes idiomcat:Sign is attested in at least one Mesoamerican, non-Mayan language family (e.g. Nahuatl, Mijean, Sokean, etc.).
The meaning of the logogram can be concluded by text-external contexts, either by a single object-context relation or a conjunction of objects in a context (e.g. architecture, auto-reference).
A number occurs in another numerical context (e.g. with numerical classifiers).
The property indicates, that the logographic reading of the describes idiomcat:Sign is attested in at least one of the following languages: WAS, KAB, CHJ, TOJ, QAN, AKA, POP, MCH, MAM, TEK, IXL, AWA, PCH, PQM, QEQ, KAQ, TZU, KCH, SAK, SIP, USP.
The reading within a sign string is indicated by a deciphered logographic substitution in final position, but only providing the syllabic onset <C?>.
The property indicates, that the logographic reading of the described idiomcat:Sign is supported by a partial phonetic substitution with one syllabogram not securely deciphered.
The special function sign plus another grapheme may substitute the same grapheme or a different, yet phonetically identical sign chain, in a controlled context.
The property indicates, that the described idiomcat:Sign is frequently attested with a suffixed syllabogram that is not grammatical.
The syllabogram is a postposed phonetic complement of a deciphered logogram and only indicates the syllabic onset <C?>.
The property indicates, that the described idiomcat:Sign is attested with a preconsonantal sign for the 3rd person ergative.
The property indicates, that the described idiomcat:Sign is frequently attested with a prefixed syllabogram that is not grammatical.
The syllabogram is a preposed phonetic complement of a deciphered logogram and provides the full syllabic <CV> or <V> reading.
The logogram is frequently attested with a prevocalic <yV> sign for the 3rd person ergative.
The property indicates, that the described idiomcat:Sign is frequently attested with a suffixed syllabogram that may or may not be grammatical.
idiomcat:resultsInLevel is an semi-automatic generated degree of plausibility depending on the chosen combination of subproperties of idiomcat:parameter. The combination of parameter is influenced by the type of confidence level and by the choice of the editor.
The reading is productive in different contexts, or refers to iconography, or the object type.
The meaning has a correspondence with the semantics of the depicted, either direct or by cultural concepts.
The meaning of the logogram has a correspondence with accompanying pictorial representation(s), either in total or in parts, with a being, an object, or an action; or a physical object.
The meaning of the logogram can be concluded by comparing occurrences in at least two different texts in at least two different contexts (e.g. actions with different NPs at similar dates).
A numerical function is expressed by special signs to represent 0 or 20.
The syllabogram is attested in a stem initial position and the full <CV> or <V> reading is confirmed by a productive lexical correspondence, i.e. a CV*C context or the like.
The syllabogram is attested in a stem medial position and the full <CV> or <V> reading is confirmed by a productive lexical correspondence, i.e. CV*CV*C context or the like.
The title of the catalogue where the described idiomcat:CatalogueEntry originates from.
The property documents the conversion of a Mayan hieroglyph into Latin script.
idiomcat:variationType describes the specific form of how the idiomcat:Graph can vary. Values are: st: standard (sign with only one segment, e.g. ti) bv: bipartite vertical (bipartite sign, full form with vertical segmentation, e.g. k’u) bh: bipartite horizontal (bipartite sign, full form with horizontal segmentation, e.g. ja) bt: bipartite top (top 1/2 segment of bv) bb: bipartite bottom (bottom 1/2 segment of bv) bl: bipartite left (left 1/2 segment of bh) br: bipartite right (right 1/2 segment of bh) tv: tripartite vertical (tripartite sign, full form with vertical segmentation, e.g. ma) th: tripartite horizontal (tripartite sign, full form with horizontal segmentation, e.g. no) tt: tripartite top (top 1/3 segment of tv) ta: tripartite top-center (top 2/3 segment of tv) tc: tripartite center (center 1/3 segment of tv) ti: tripartite center-bottom (bottom 2/3 segment of tv) tb: tripartite bottom (bottom 1/3 segment of tv) tf: tripartite frame (top-bottom 1/3 segments of tv) tl: tripartite left (left 1/3 segment of th) ts: tripartite left-middle (left 2/3 segment of th) tm: tripartite middle (middle 1/3 segment of th) td: tripartite middle-right (right 2/3 of th) tr: tripartite right (right 1/3 of th) tp: tripartite parenthesis (left-right 1/3 segments of th) dh: division half (any 1/2 segment of any st, bt, bb, bl, br, tt, tb, tl, tr) do: division one-third (any 1/3 segment of any st, bt, bb, bl, br, tt, tb, tl, tr) dt: division two-third (any 2/3 segment of any st, bt, bb, bl, br, tt, tb, tl, tr) va: variopartite top-center (bipartite sign, full form with narrow segment top, e.g. K’UH) vi: variopartite center-bottom (bipartite sign, full form with narrow segment bottom, e.g. K’UH) vs: variopartite left-center (bipartite sign, full form with narrow segment left, e.g. NAH) vd: variopartite center-right (bipartite sign, full form with narrow segment right, e.g. K’INICH) vt: variopartite top (top segment of va) vb: variopartite bottom (bottom segment of vi) vl: variopartite left (left segment of vs) vr: variopartite right (right segment of vd) vc: variopartite center (central segment of va, vi, vs, vd) md: multiplication double (base doubled) mt: multiplication triple (base tribbled) mq: multiplaction quadruple (base quadrupled) hh: head human (anthropomorphic head variant) hc: head creature (zoomorphic head variant) fh: full-figure human (anthropomorphic full-figure variant) fc: full-figure creature (zoomorphic full-figure variant) ex: extraction (any pars pro toto variant)
The sign appears in a vowel-harmonic context with another CV sign or CVC lexeme.
The sign is attested in the Landa Alphabet, and provides the full reading of a <V> sign.
The syllabogram is attested in a word final position and the syllabic consonantal onset <C?> is provided by a productive lexical correspondence, i.e. a CV*C or the like.
The syllabogram is attested in a word medial position at a morphemic boundary and the full <CV> or <V> reading is likely provided by a productive lexical correspondence and a plausible suffix spelling, i.e. CV*C-V*C context or the like.
idiomcat:CLDF is a subclass of idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel and stands for “Confidence Level Diacritic Function”. It is a specialised confidence level with criteria especially designed for for the sign function idiomcat:DiacrticFunction.
idiomcat:CLLM is a subclass of idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel and stands for “Confidence Level Logographic Meaning”. It is a specialised confidence level with criteria especially designed for for the sign function idiomcat:LogographicMeaning.
idiomcat:CLLR is a subclass of idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel and stands for “Confidence Level Logographic Reading”. It is a specialised confidence level with criteria especially designed for for the sign function idiomcat:LogographicReading.
idiomcat:CLNF is a subclass of idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel and stands for “Confidence Level Numeric Function”. It is a specialised confidence level with criteria especially designed for for the sign function idiomcat:NumericFunction.
idiomcat:CLSR is a subclass of idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel and stands for “Confidence Level Syllabic Reading”. It is a specialised confidence level with criteria especially designed for for the sign function idiomcat:SyllabicReading.
idiomcat:CatalogueEntry is a subclass of crm:E31_Document and therefore “comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality”. In this domain-specific context, it defines the specific part in a research reference book, where a graph of Mayan language is described.
idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel is a subclass of crm:E89_Propositional_Object and therefore “comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse”. In this domain-specific context idiomcat:ConfidenceLevel enables to provide idiomcat:SignFunction with a degree of plausibility. The level is the result of the selection of objective criteria, following specific combination rules. The use of the confidence level enables to attest more than one sign function to a sign and makes them comparable to one another.
idiomcat:DiacriticFunction is a subclass of idiomcat:SignFunction. It assesses idiomcat:Sign with the feature of having a diacritic function. This means it is a sign, which is added to another sign and it changes the sign’s value in regard to e.g. a phonological or a semantic dimension.
idiomcat:Graph is a subclass of of crm:E33_Linguistic_Object and is therefore an "identifiable expressions in natural language". More precisely, a idiomcat:Graph is a specific, realised character, but without a assigned grapheme. A idiomcat:Graph can be assigned to exactly one idiomcat:Sign. All instances of idiomcat:Graph assigned to the same instance of idiomcat:Sign form the grapheme of the sign. cf. Crystal, David (2010): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3. Auflage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 204. cf. Coulmas, Florian (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Blackwell, 4. Auflage Oxford 2006, p. 173-175.
idiomcat:Icon is a subclass of crm:E55_Type and therefore “comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies”. In this domain-specific context idiomcat:Icon comprises concepts referring to the iconographic motifs showed by idiomcat:Graph.
idiomcat:LogographicMeaning is a subclass of idiomcat:SignFunction. It assesses idiomcat:Sign with the feature of having a logographic meaning. This means it is a sign with an not yet identified transliteration value and is therefore assessed with a meaning.
idiomcat:LogographicReading is a subclass of idiomcat:SignFunction. It assesses idiomcat:Sign with the feature of having a logographic reading. This means it is a sign with an identified transliteration value for a logogram.
idiomcat:Nickname is a subclass of crm:E41_Appellation and therefore “comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context”. In this domain-specific context idiomcat:Nickname is a sobriquet for a idiomcat:Graph.
idiomcat:NumericFunction is a subclass of idiomcat:SignFunction. It assesses idiomcat:Sign with the feature of having a numeric function. This means it is a sign denoting a numeric value.
idiomcat:Sign is a subclass of of crm:E33_Linguistic_Object and is therefore an "identifiable expressions in natural language". In the sense of semiotics, idiomcat:Sign is to be understood as a relation between the form or image of the sign and its meaning, where primarily just the meaning is described and will assigned to the sign explicitly. This is done by assigning a idiomcat:SignFunctuon to the idiomcat:Sign.
idiomcat:SignFunction assignes a feature to idiomcat:Sign. The nature of the feature is specified by the subclasses of idiomcat:SignFunction.
idiomcat:SyllabicReading is a subclass of idiomcat:SignFunction. It assesses idiomcat:Sign with the feature of having a syllabic reading. This means it is a sign with an identified transliteration value for a syllable.
This class comprises all things in the discourse of the sign catalogue of the TWKM project.
A FeatureStructure is a set of one or more FeatureSpecifications. A FeatureStructure is a kind of information structure, a container or data structure, used to group together qualities or features of some object. In a grammatical feature system, a FeatureStructure holds the grammatical information associated with some linguistic unit. In a typed feature system, a FeatureStructure has an associated type, usually a PartOfSpeech. [Shieber 1986; Maxwell, Simons and Hayashi 2000]. 2010. General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). Bloomington, IN: Department of Linguistics (The LINGUIST List), Indiana University. http://linguistics-ontology.org/.
Thompson